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Why TPS Numbers Don’t Reflect Blockchain Reality
Key Points:
- TPS (transactions per second) is often used as a measure of blockchain performance, but it can be misleading when measured in isolation.
- Most high TPS claims are based on idealized conditions, often using a single node or test environment.
- Real-world scaling is limited by decentralization, bandwidth, hardware, and verification requirements.
- Zero-knowledge (ZK) proofs offer a potential solution to improve throughput without overloading nodes.
- Transaction fees and network activity are more reliable indicators of blockchain health than raw TPS numbers.
Understanding TPS and Its Misleading Appeal
Blockchain enthusiasts and developers often look at TPS as a measure of a network’s power and scalability. Higher TPS numbers suggest the network can handle more transactions, supporting more users and more activity. However, these numbers are often idealized benchmarks that do not reflect real-world conditions.
Carter Feldman, founder of Psy Protocol and former hacker, explains that most TPS numbers are derived from tests that ignore the complexities of decentralized verification. Many pre-mainnet or testnet benchmarks measure TPS with only one node running, Feldman says. At that point, you might as well call Instagram a blockchain with one billion TPS, since it validates everything centrally.
The issue is clear: raw TPS numbers can give a false sense of performance if they fail to account for the cost of decentralization.
The Hidden Cost of Decentralization
Every full node in a blockchain has to verify transactions to ensure the network remains trustless and secure. If one node accepts an invalid transaction, others must reject it. This verification process is what makes blockchains truly decentralized, but it comes with a cost.
When a blockchain tries to increase TPS, it unintentionally increases the burden on every node. More transactions mean more data to process, more bandwidth used, and higher synchronization requirements. At some point, these limits prevent linear scaling, meaning the network cannot sustain the theoretical TPS figures advertised in white papers.
For example, EOS once claimed it could theoretically handle 1 million TPS. However, in realistic network conditions, throughput rarely exceeded 50 TPS. Similarly, Solana, with its Firedancer validator client, demonstrated 1 million TPS in tests, yet live network usage typically ranges from 3,000 to 4,000 TPS, with a large portion of those being voting-related transactions rather than user transactions.
Why Real-World TPS Is Lower Than Expected
Several factors explain the gap between theoretical and real-world TPS:
- Network Topology and Latency: The speed at which transactions propagate through the network affects overall throughput. More nodes and longer communication paths create delays.
- Hardware Limitations: Every node has finite processing power. As TPS rises, nodes may struggle to keep up without compromising decentralization.
- Verification Overhead: Each transaction must be checked against protocol rules. High TPS increases verification workload, limiting practical scalability.
In essence, TPS is not just about executing transactions; it’s about ensuring every node in a decentralized network can validate and relay those transactions efficiently.
Breaking the Linear Scaling Problem with Zero-Knowledge Proofs
Feldman suggests that one promising solution is zero-knowledge (ZK) technology. ZK proofs allow networks to validate batches of transactions without requiring every node to process each transaction individually. In effect, ZK proofs compress multiple proofs into a single proof, drastically reducing the per-node workload.
For example, a blockchain could combine proofs from 16 transactions into one, then combine multiple proofs further into a single proof in a hierarchical structure. This approach, known as recursive ZK proofs, helps blockchain networks scale without proportionally increasing the verification burden on nodes.
However, ZK-based systems come with their own challenges. Generating proofs can be computationally intensive and may require specialized infrastructure. Retrofitting ZK proofs into existing blockchain architectures is also complex, which is why many networks still rely on traditional execution models.
Beyond TPS: Evaluating Blockchain Performance
While TPS provides a rough gauge of network capability, Feldman argues that economic indicators, such as transaction fees and actual network activity, are often more meaningful. These signals reflect real demand, network congestion, and user engagement, providing a more accurate picture of blockchain performance in production environments.
Projects like LayerZero Labs are exploring ZK-based designs capable of scaling to 2 million TPS, but widespread adoption is still limited by architectural complexity and funding challenges. Most blockchains designed around sequential execution cannot easily adopt proof-based verification without a complete redesign.
Conclusion: TPS Numbers Are Conditional
High TPS figures make for exciting headlines, but they rarely reflect real-world throughput. The real challenge of blockchain scaling is balancing speed, decentralization, and network reliability. Solutions like ZK proofs show promise, but TPS alone cannot tell the full story. When evaluating blockchain performance, consider transaction costs, network usage, and verification overhead, rather than relying solely on idealized TPS claims.
FAQ – Blockchain TPS Explained
Q1: What does TPS mean in blockchain?
TPS stands for transactions per second, a measure of how many transactions a blockchain network can process in one second.
Q2: Why do TPS numbers often collapse in real usage?
High TPS claims are usually measured in controlled environments or single nodes. Real networks face bandwidth limits, hardware constraints, latency, and verification costs, which reduce practical throughput.
Q3: Can zero-knowledge proofs solve TPS limitations?
Yes, ZK proofs can significantly reduce the per-node verification load, allowing higher throughput without compromising decentralization. Recursive ZK proofs compress multiple proofs into a single proof for efficiency.
Q4: Is TPS the best metric to evaluate blockchain performance?
Not always. Transaction fees, network activity, and real user engagement often provide a better measure of blockchain health and scalability.
Q5: Why did networks like EOS fail to reach their theoretical TPS?
Theoretical TPS often ignores the cost of full-node verification and assumes idealized network conditions. In reality, bandwidth, latency, and decentralization constraints drastically lower achievable TPS.
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2026-02-13 · 10 days ago0 0133What is a Token in Cryptocurrency?
A cryptocurrency token is a unit of value issued on a blockchain, which can represent various assets or utilities within a specific framework. Unlike cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin or Ethereum that operate independently on their own blockchains, tokens often rely on the structure of existing blockchains. This fundamental difference underlines the versatility of tokens in the ever-evolving landscape of digital assets.
How Do Tokens Differ from Coins?
The primary difference between coins and tokens lies in their functionality. Coins refer to digital currencies that operate on their own blockchain and are primarily used as a medium of exchange. For instance, Bitcoin is a coin that is utilized for peer-to-peer transactions. Conversely, tokens are often created on top of a blockchain, like Ethereum, and can serve multiple purposes that extend beyond mere currency. This makes tokens adaptable for a variety of applications in the cryptocurrency realm.
What Are the Types of Cryptocurrency Tokens?
Tokens can be categorized based on their specific use cases. Utility tokens, for example, allow users to access a product or service within a blockchain project. Security tokens, on the other hand, represent investment contracts and are subject to securities regulations. There are also non-fungible tokens (NFTs), which represent unique digital items or collectibles. Understanding these categories helps investors identify tokens that align with their interests and investment strategies.
How Are Tokens Created and Distributed?
Tokens are typically created through a process known as an Initial Coin Offering (ICO) or a Token Generation Event (TGE). During an ICO, a project will distribute tokens in exchange for established cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin or Ethereum, raising funds to develop their platform. The smart contracts governing the token creation process ensure secure and transparent transactions. Participants receive tokens based on the quantity they invest, providing a straightforward method for distributing digital assets.
Why Are Tokens Important in the Cryptocurrency Ecosystem?
Tokens play a crucial role in the functioning of various blockchain ecosystems. They facilitate transactions and governance within a platform, enabling users to participate actively in development decisions. For instance, many decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms utilize tokens for governance, allowing holders to vote on proposed changes or upgrades. This functionality fosters a sense of community and inclusiveness among users, making tokens vital for ecosystem health.
Can Tokens Have Monetary Value?
Yes, tokens can indeed have significant monetary value. The valuation of a token is subject to market demand, utility, and the overall success of the project from which it originates. Some tokens have become highly valuable as a result of their functionality within a lucrative platform or due to speculative interest. Investors should conduct thorough research to assess the potential risks and rewards associated with token investments.
What Are the Risks of Investing in Tokens?
While investing in tokens can present lucrative opportunities, potential investors must be aware of the associated risks. Many tokens can be volatile, and market conditions can change rapidly. Additionally, the lack of regulation in the cryptocurrency market makes it susceptible to fraud and scams. It is essential to perform due diligence before investing, including assessing a token's whitepaper, team credibility, and use case.
How Can You Store Tokens Safely?
To ensure tokens remain secure, users should store them in cryptocurrency wallets designed specifically for managing digital assets. There are two primary types of wallets: hot wallets, which are connected to the internet, and cold wallets, which are offline storage solutions. While hot wallets provide ease of access for transactions, cold wallets offer enhanced security against hacks. Balancing convenience and security is key to effective token storage.
Are Tokens the Future of Cryptocurrency?
As the cryptocurrency landscape continues to evolve, tokens are expected to remain a core component of blockchain technology. Their multifaceted nature and diverse application possibilities position them for growth. Innovations such as decentralized apps and the rise of DeFi are likely to further propel the adoption of tokens, paving the way for new use cases and investment opportunities. Whether as a medium of exchange or a representation of unique assets, tokens are poised to play an essential role in the future of digital finance.
As you explore the world of cryptocurrency, consider staying informed and up to date to become adept in this dynamic field. BYDFi is here to guide you on your investment journey, providing the resources and support you need to navigate the evolving landscape of digital assets.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between a utility token and a security token?
Utility tokens provide users access to a service or product, while security tokens represent ownership in an asset, often subject to regulatory scrutiny.Can tokens be traded like coins?
Yes, tokens can be traded on various cryptocurrency exchanges, just like coins, allowing investors to buy, sell, or exchange them based on market demand.What should I consider before investing in a token?
Evaluate the project's credibility, the use case of the token, market demand, team experience, and potential risks associated with the investment."2026-02-14 · 9 days ago0 0119A Small Business Owner's Guide to Accepting Crypto Payments
As a forward-thinking business owner, you're always looking for an edge. You see a new generation of customers who are tech-savvy, global, and hold a significant amount of wealth in cryptocurrency. Tapping into that market seems like a brilliant next step.
But then, the practical questions hit. How do you actually accept crypto without exposing your business to price volatility? How do you handle the accounting?
The answer for most businesses lies in using a crypto payment processor. This guide is designed for you—the small business owner. We'll skip the complex jargon and give you a clear framework for choosing the right partner to bring your business into the Web3 economy.
What Does a Crypto Payment Processor Actually Do?
Think of a payment processor as the bridge between the crypto world and your bank account. They handle the entire transaction process for you:
- Your customer pays with crypto (e.g., Bitcoin, Ethereum).
- The processor instantly verifies the payment.
- Crucially, they can immediately convert the crypto to your local currency (like USD or EUR) to protect you from price swings.
- They then deposit the funds into your bank account.
How to Choose: Your 5-Point Evaluation Framework
Not all processors are the same. Before you look at any names, know what to look for. Here are the five key factors for any small business.
- Transaction Fees: How much do they charge per transaction? This is typically a flat fee around 0.5% to 1%, which is often cheaper than credit card fees.
- Settlement Options: This is critical. Can they settle your payments in fiat currency (like USD) automatically? For most businesses, this is a must-have feature to avoid volatility risk.
- Integration Ease: How easily can it connect to your existing online store? Look for pre-built plugins for platforms like Shopify, WooCommerce, or Magento.
- Supported Coins: Do they only accept Bitcoin, or do they also support other popular options like Ethereum and major stablecoins (USDC, USDT)?
- Reputation & Support: Are they a well-regarded company with good customer support? You need a reliable partner you can call if something goes wrong.
A Look at Top Crypto Payment Processors
Now, let's apply our framework to a few popular options.
The Bottom Line for Your Business
For most small businesses, the best starting point is a processor like BitPay due to its simple fiat settlement process and strong reputation. It's the easiest "set it and forget it" solution. If you want to cater to a wider crypto audience, CoinPayments is a powerful choice. If you are crypto-savvy and want to hold the crypto you receive, Coinbase Commerce is an excellent option.
Choosing to accept crypto is a major step in future-proofing your business. By selecting the right partner, you can do it safely and efficiently.
Once your business begins to receive and hold crypto assets, you'll need a professional-grade platform to manage, trade, or liquidate them.
Manage your business's digital assets with confidence. Explore the deep liquidity and secure environment of the BYDFi exchange.
Disclaimer: This guide is for informational purposes. Please conduct your own due diligence before selecting a payment processor.
2026-01-16 · a month ago0 0334Copy Trading vs. AI Bots: Which is Best for Your Portfolio in 2026?
Introduction
Automation is the buzzword of the year. But should you trust a human "Master Trader" or an AI algorithm? Both have strengths, and the best choice depends on your personality and goals.
AI Trading Bots: Speed and Logic
Bots are excellent for sideways markets. They never sleep and can execute grid trading strategies to profit from small price fluctuations. However, bots struggle with major news events (like a sudden regulatory ban or a hacked protocol) because they can't "read the room."
Copy Trading: Human Intuition
Copy trading relies on humans who can react to news. If a war breaks out or the Fed cuts rates, a human trader can pause trading or hedge their position immediately.
- Pros: Flexible, adaptive, handles "Black Swan" events better.
- Cons: Humans have emotions; they can have "bad days."
The Hybrid Approach
The smartest investors use both.
1. Use AI Bots for stable, high-cap assets like Bitcoin and Ethereum to farm consistent yield.
2. Use Copy Trading for complex strategies like derivatives or finding the next gem on BYDFI’s leaderboard.
Conclusion
You don't have to choose. BYDFI offers robust tools for both. Start with copy trading to learn the ropes, then integrate automated tools as you get more comfortable.
2026-01-16 · a month ago0 0173From Crackdown to Opportunity: The SEC’s New Crypto Approach
16 ETFs Set to Explode in October 2025 – Could This Ignite Your Portfolio or Burn It Down?
In the whirlwind world of cryptocurrency, fortunes can turn on a dime. One day you’re celebrating a sudden surge, the next you’re nursing losses from a meme coin pump. Amid this chaos, there’s one name that always commands attention: the SEC. If you’re actively trading crypto under US regulations, scanning the latest SEC crypto news, or even
stepping into crypto projects for the first time, October 2025 feels like standing at the edge of a volcano. This month, sixteen altcoin ETF applications have landed on the SEC’s desk, accompanied by whispers of innovation exemptions that could rewrite the rules entirely. And here’s the kicker: this isn’t mere regulatory paperwork. Approvals could open
the floodgates for easy-access funds targeting Solana, XRP, Dogecoin, and more, potentially igniting a rally reminiscent of Bitcoin’s explosive 2021 run.
I’ve weathered my share of crypto winters—remember 2022’s crash? I’ve seen investors paralyzed by uncertainty, staring at their Robinhood or Coinbase apps, questioning whether a Solana dip is a rare buying opportunity or a trap. Even seasoned traders are watching from Europe, calculating fees and conversion rates, all while US regulations continue
to pull at their strategies. In this post, I aim to cut through the noise, unpack the latest SEC crypto developments, explain what a crypto project really entails, and equip you with insights to make smarter investment choices. By the end, you’ll know whether it’s time to HODL, diversify, or cash out before the fireworks begin.
The SEC’s Big Shift: From Crackdown to Welcome Mat
Let’s be honest—the SEC’s vibe has changed dramatically since early 2025. Gone are the days of Gary Gensler’s regulation by enforcement, where Ripple, Coinbase, and Binance were repeatedly targeted in high-stakes lawsuits, leaving traders scrambling to stay compliant. Under new Chair Paul Atkins, appointed amid a political push to make the US the crypto capital of the planet, the SEC is flipping the script.
One of the most significant developments came on September 17, 2025, when the SEC introduced generic listing standards for commodity-based exchange-traded products, including digital assets. For the average investor, this might sound like bureaucratic jargon, but its implications are massive. ETF approvals, which used to drag on for over 240 days, can now be processed in under 75. Big players like BlackRock and Fidelity can move faster, reducing red tape that has historically slowed market entry. No more tedious case-by-case scrutiny; as long as a fund meets basic liquidity and fraud-prevention criteria, it can move forward.
Why should you care? In a post-2024 election landscape where crypto intertwines with everything from DeFi yields to prediction markets, this regulatory openness could funnel billions into the space. Nate Geraci from NovaDius Wealth called it an enormous moment, highlighting deadlines for coins ranging from Litecoin to Hedera. For US traders, this is a relief—simplified access via retirement accounts like 401(k)s or IRAs without the headache of offshore alternatives. For European investors, the effects could ripple globally, as exchanges like Kraken adjust liquidity to stay competitive.
If tax concerns keep you up at night, the SEC’s new Crypto Task Force page, led by Commissioner Hester Peirce, is a valuable resource. It crowdsources feedback to clarify what counts as a security versus a commodity, helping you determine if your next investment is taxable as capital gains or something else entirely.
Understanding Crypto Projects Beyond the Hype
The term crypto project gets thrown around so casually that it’s easy to feel lost. A quick midnight Google search for what is a crypto project often leads to a rabbit hole of whitepapers and roadmaps.
Here’s the simple truth: a crypto project is a blockchain-based initiative designed to solve a real-world problem—or at least promise to do so. It’s not just digital gold like Bitcoin. Many projects create ecosystems for smart contracts, decentralized finance applications, or NFTs that evolve into functional utilities.
At its core, a crypto project combines three critical elements. First, there’s the technology backbone, like Ethereum’s ETH token, which powers a network for transactions, staking, or governance. Second, the team and vision matter—experienced founders addressing tangible problems, like Ripple’s XRP improving cross-border payments, tend to be less risky than anonymous developers promising instant riches. Third, the community and utility are crucial; active engagement, real-world adoption, and a clear use case differentiate serious projects from pump-and-dump schemes.
A common concern is scams. With increased regulatory scrutiny, the SEC flags unregistered securities—tokens sold through ICOs promising profits without real utility. The Howey Test remains a key benchmark: if an investment relies on others’ efforts to generate profit, it’s considered a security. Fortunately, the SEC is now encouraging tailored disclosure frameworks to help legitimate projects register without stifling innovation.
So, how should you evaluate your next crypto bet? Look for real market fit, sustainable tokenomics with supply caps or burn mechanisms, and regulatory clarity. Post-October, projects like Solana, boasting a 400,000 transactions per second capacity, could soar if ETFs are approved. In essence, a strong crypto project isn’t a lottery ticket; it’s a calculated wager on technology disrupting finance, supply chains, or governance structures. In my experience, thorough research always beats impulsive FOMO.
October’s ETF Avalanche: Sixteen Funds That Could Change Everything
October 2025 is shaping up to be monumental for altcoin ETFs. SEC deadlines alone could trigger a domino effect of market inflows. From REX Shares’ filings for Dogecoin and Litecoin to Defiance’s leveraged exposure to SUI and Bitcoin Cash, this month presents a smorgasbord of opportunities. What makes this remarkable is the potential scale—approval here could mimic the inflows Bitcoin ETFs saw, easily exceeding $50 billion, while pumping altcoins 2-5x by year-end.
Among the front-runners are Solana ETFs, which leverage the blockchain’s speed for decentralized applications, and XRP ETFs, which could validate cross-border utility after years of legal scrutiny. Dogecoin and Litecoin are also in play, offering low-fee alternatives for daily transactions and attracting beginner investors wary of Ethereum gas fees. Basket ETFs combining BTC, ETH, and altcoins allow diversified exposure without the stress of picking individual winners.
Analysts like Daan Crypto Trades dub this ETF month, but caution remains necessary. Potential government delays or procedural hiccups could disrupt timelines. For traders, this environment screams arbitrage opportunities, while newcomers might consider sticking to spot positions to avoid liquidation risks.
Innovation Exemptions: The Wildcard of Crypto Growth
Arguably the most exciting development is SEC Chair Atkins’ innovation exemption initiative, expected to roll out in late 2025 or early 2026. This framework allows crypto projects to experiment within a supervised sandbox without full regulatory compliance upfront. Gone are the days of guilty until proven innocent. Firms can trial on-chain lending, tokenized stocks, or new DeFi applications with guardrails in place to protect investors.
The implications for commercial growth are enormous. Web3 projects like Clearpool could scale faster, attracting institutional capital. For everyday investors, lower barriers mean more legitimate projects and fewer scams. However, privacy considerations are still critical, particularly with the Task Force’s upcoming roundtable on surveillance and investor protection.
Balancing Curiosity and Commercial Strategy
The bottom line: knowledge alone isn’t enough. If you’re here as an informational seeker, diving into SEC filings and whitepapers offers a wealth of free insights. For those with commercial intent, October 2025’s ETF wave is an opportunity—but caution is essential. Allocating 5-10% of your portfolio to diversified altcoin ETFs is a measured approach. US traders can leverage tax-advantaged retirement accounts, while international investors may consider hedging with stablecoins in a strong USD environment.
In short, October 2025 could be a defining month for the crypto market. With 16 ETFs on the brink of approval, a new regulatory tone, and innovation exemptions opening doors, the potential for both explosive growth and cautionary lessons is real. Approach with curiosity, but act with strategy—your portfolio may thank you, or at least survive the fireworks.
2026-01-16 · a month ago0 0265Top 5 AI Meme Coins to Watch in Late 2025
Introduction
Meme coins used to be about dogs and frogs. In late 2025, they are about Robots. The "AI Meme" sector is the best-performing niche of Q4, blending the viral explosive power of memes with the "up only" narrative of Artificial Intelligence.
The Top Lists
- Turbo (TURBO): The first meme coin created entirely by GPT-4. It has proven resilience and is now a staple "AI culture" coin.
- Virtuals Protocol (VIRTUAL): Not just a coin, but a platform for creating AI characters. It’s the "metaverse" play of the AI sector.
- AIXBT: An autonomous agent that trades and tweets. Holding the token is like betting on the agent's performance.
- Goatseus Maximus (GOAT): The first "terminal of truths" AI coin that shocked the market. High risk, high reward.
- Official Trump (TRUMP): While political, its recent integration with AI-driven prediction markets makes it a unique crossover play.
How to Trade Them Safely
AI meme coins are volatile. They can drop 30% in an hour.
- Don't HODL Forever: These are narrative plays. Take profits when the crowd is euphoric.
- Use BYDFI: Trade these tokens with leverage on BYDFI to maximize small price moves, but always use a stop-loss.
Conclusion
The intersection of AI and Memes is where the retail money is flowing. Pick your robot, manage your risk, and enjoy the ride.
Disclaimer
This content is for educational purposes only and does not constitute financial or investment advice. Cryptocurrency trading, especially with leverage or meme coins, involves a high level of risk and may result in the loss of your entire capital. Always perform your own research (DYOR) and consult a professional advisor before making any investment decisions.2026-01-16 · a month ago0 0306
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